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application to access an API. It informs the API that the bearer of the token has been authorized to access the API and perform specific actions specified by the scope that has been granted. An Access Token can be in any format, but two popular options include opaque strings and JSON Web Tokens (JWT). They should be transmitted to the API as a Bearer credential in an HTTP Authorization header.","short":"An authorization credential, in the form of an opaque string or JWT, used to access an API."},{"id":"audience","title":"Audience","definition":"The unique identifier of the audience for an issued token, identified within a JSON Web Token as the `aud` claim. The audience value is either the application (`Client ID`) for an ID Token or the API that is being called (`API Identifier`) for an Access Token. At Auth0, the Audience value sent in a request for an Access Token dictates whether that token is returned in an opaque or JWT format.","short":"A unique identifier, \u003Cb\u003Eaud\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in a token, for an application (ID Token) or an API (Access Token)."},{"id":"authorization-code","title":"Authorization Code","definition":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow.","short":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow."},{"id":"callback","title":"Callback","definition":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after authentication. It is often the same URL to which a user is redirected after authentication.","short":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after an API call and sometimes where a user is redirected after authentication."},{"id":"claim","title":"Claim","definition":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity.","short":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity."},{"id":"client-secret","title":"Client Secret","definition":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to not be guessable.","short":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to be not guessable."},{"id":"confidential-client","title":"Confidential Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Confidential clients can hold credentials in a secure way without exposing them to unauthorized parties and require a trusted backend server to do so. They can use grant types that require them to authenticate by specifying their client ID and secret when calling the token endpoint and can have tokens issued to them that have been signed either symmetrically or asymmetrically.","short":"A client (application) that can hold credentials securely by using a trusted backend server. Examples include a web application with a secure backend and a machine-to-machine (M2M) application."},{"id":"confused-deputy","title":"Confused Deputy","definition":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf.","short":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf."},{"id":"digital-identity","title":"Digital Identity","definition":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application.","short":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application."},{"id":"digital-signature","title":"Digital Signature","definition":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering. If the bits are changed or tampered with, the signature will no longer be able to be verified and it will be rejected.","short":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering."},{"id":"directory","title":"Directory","definition":"A centralized repository of users (the most well-known of which is Active Directory) which centralizes credentials and attributes and makes it unnecessary for each application to have their own local identity setup and pool of users. Allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory of users.","short":"A centralized repository of users that allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory."},{"id":"id-token","title":"ID Token","definition":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource. It has a fixed format that clients can parse and validate.","short":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource."},{"id":"json-web-token","title":"JSON Web Token (JWT)","definition":"An open, industry standard \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Ftools.ietf.org\u002Fhtml\u002Frfc7519'\u003ERFC 7519\u003C\u002Fa\u003E method for representing claims securely between two parties. At Auth0, ID Tokens are always returned in JWT format, and Access Tokens are often in JWT format. You may decode well-formed JWTs at \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Fjwt.io'\u003EJWT.io\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to view their claims. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fjwt'\u003EJSON Web Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"The standard ID Token format and often Access Token format used to represent claims securely between two parties."},{"id":"lock","title":"Lock","definition":"Auth0's UI widget for authenticating users. It is ready to go as-is and is the default face of the Classic Universal Login experience. Lock allows you to customize minor behavioral and appearance options, but its primary goal is ease of use. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Flock'\u003ELock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A UI widget for authenticating users."},{"id":"multifactor-authentication","title":"Multi-factor authentication (MFA)","definition":"An authentication process that considers multiple factors. Typically at Auth0, the first factor is the standard username\u002Fpassword exchange, and the second is a code or link via email or SMS, a one-time-password via an app such as Authy or Google Authenticator, or a push notification via a phone app such as Guardian or Duo. Using multiple factors allows your account to remain secure if someone captures one or the other factor--acquires your password or steals your phone, for example. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fmultifactor-authentication'\u003EMulti-factor Authentication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A user authentication process that uses a factor in addition to username and password such as a code via SMS."},{"id":"nonce","title":"Nonce","definition":"An arbitrary (often random or pseudo-random) number issued in an authentication protocol that can be used to help detect and mitigate replay attacks using old communications. In other words, the nonce is only issued once, so if an attacker attempts to replay a transaction with a different nonce, its false transaction can be detected more easily. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fapi-auth\u002Ftutorials\u002Fnonce'\u003ENonce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An arbitrary number issued once in an authentication protocol to detect and prevent replay attacks."},{"id":"openid","title":"OpenID","definition":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users are who they say they are without needing to collect, store, and therefore become liable for a user’s login information. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Foidc'\u003EOpenID Connect (OIDC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users' identities without collecting and storing login information."},{"id":"passwordless","title":"Passwordless","definition":"A form of authentication where the first factor is not a password. Instead, it could be a one-time password received by email or SMS, a push notification, or a biometric sensor. Passwordless uses one-time passwords, so users are less susceptible to the typical password-based attacks (e.g., dictionary or credential stuffing) than with traditional username\u002Fpassword logins. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fconnections\u002Fpasswordless'\u003EPasswordless\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A form of authentication that does not rely on a password as the first factor."},{"id":"perimeter","title":"Perimeter","definition":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory. In some implementations, this perimeter is a physical location; in others, it is a set of networks or devices connected via VPN.","short":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory."},{"id":"public-client","title":"Public Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Public clients cannot hold credentials securely, so should only use grant types that do not require the use of their client secret. ID Tokens issued to them must be signed asymmetrically using a private key (RS256) and verified using the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the token. See \u003Ca href=‘\u002Fapplications\u002Fconcepts\u002Fapp-types-confidential-public'\u003EApplication Types - Confidential vs. Public\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A client (application) that cannot hold credentials securely. Examples include a native desktop or mobile application and a JavaScript-based client-side web application (such as a single-page app (SPA))."},{"id":"raw-credentials","title":"Raw Credentials","definition":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user.","short":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user."},{"id":"refresh-token","title":"Refresh Token","definition":"A special kind of token that can be used to obtain a renewed Access Token. It is useful for renewing expiring Access Tokens without forcing the user to log in again. Using the Refresh Token, you can request a new Access Token at any time until the Refresh Token is blacklisted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Ftokens\u002Fconcepts\u002Frefresh-tokens'\u003ERefresh Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A token used to obtain a renewed Access Token without forcing users to log in again."},{"id":"role","title":"Role","definition":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to indicate the level of access they should have to the system. Roles are essentially collections of permissions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fauthorization\u002Fconcepts\u002Frbac'\u003ERole-based Access Control (RBAC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to give them a certain set of permissions."},{"id":"scope","title":"Scope","definition":"A mechanism that defines the specific actions applications can be allowed to do or information that they can request on a user’s behalf. Often, applications will want to make use of the information that has already been created in an online resource. To do so, the application must ask for authorization to access this information on a user’s behalf. When an app requests permission to access a resource through an authorization server, it uses the Scope parameter to specify what access it needs, and the authorization server uses the Scope parameter to respond with the access that was actually granted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fscopes'\u003EScopes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A mechanism that determines actions applications can perform on a user's behalf with information previously created in an online resource."},{"id":"security-assertion-markup-language","title":"Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)","definition":"An XML-based standardized protocol by which two parties can exchange authentication information without the use of a password. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Fsaml'\u003ESAML\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A standardized protocol allowing two parties to exchange authentication information without a password."},{"id":"security-token","title":"Security Token","definition":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated","short":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated"},{"id":"session-cookie","title":"Session Cookie","definition":"An entity emitted by a middleware after it establishes that the token it is receiving is signed, valid, and comes from a trusted source (the identity provider). This entity represents the fact that successful authentication occurred with the identity provider. This cookie prevents this process with tokens from needing to be continually repeated, by allowing the user to be considered authenticated as long as the cookie is present.","short":"An entity that, when present, allows the user to be considered authenticated."},{"id":"shadow-accounts","title":"Shadow Accounts","definition":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory (essentially creating a copy, or shadow, of the original account) when they need access to remote applications.","short":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory."},{"id":"single-sign-on","title":"Single Sign-On (SSO)","definition":"A service that, after a user logs into one application, automatically logs that user in to other applications, regardless of the platform, technology, or domain the user is using. The user signs in only one time (hence the name of the feature). Similarly, Single Logout (SLO) occurs when, after a user logs out from one application, they are logged out of each application or service where they were logged in. SSO and SLO are possible through the use of sessions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fsso'\u003ESingle Sign-On and Single Logout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A service that, after a user logs into one applicaton, automatically logs that user in to other applications."},{"id":"token-endpoint","title":"Token Endpoint","definition":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens.","short":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens."},{"id":"trust","title":"Trust","definition":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users.","short":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users."},{"id":"universal-login","title":"Universal Login","definition":"Auth0’s implementation of the authentication flow, which is the key feature of an Authorization Server. Each time a user needs to prove their identity, your applications redirect to Universal Login, and Auth0 will do what’s needed to guarantee the user’s identity. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Funiversal-login'\u003EAuth0 Universal Login\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"Your application redirects to Universal Login, hosted on Auth0's Authorization Server, to verify a user's identity."}],"termsByLetter":{"A":[{"id":"access-token","title":"Access Token","definition":"A credential that can be used by an application to access an API. It informs the API that the bearer of the token has been authorized to access the API and perform specific actions specified by the scope that has been granted. An Access Token can be in any format, but two popular options include opaque strings and JSON Web Tokens (JWT). They should be transmitted to the API as a Bearer credential in an HTTP Authorization header.","short":"An authorization credential, in the form of an opaque string or JWT, used to access an API."},{"id":"audience","title":"Audience","definition":"The unique identifier of the audience for an issued token, identified within a JSON Web Token as the `aud` claim. The audience value is either the application (`Client ID`) for an ID Token or the API that is being called (`API Identifier`) for an Access Token. At Auth0, the Audience value sent in a request for an Access Token dictates whether that token is returned in an opaque or JWT format.","short":"A unique identifier, \u003Cb\u003Eaud\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in a token, for an application (ID Token) or an API (Access Token)."},{"id":"authorization-code","title":"Authorization Code","definition":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow.","short":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow."}],"C":[{"id":"callback","title":"Callback","definition":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after authentication. It is often the same URL to which a user is redirected after authentication.","short":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after an API call and sometimes where a user is redirected after authentication."},{"id":"claim","title":"Claim","definition":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity.","short":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity."},{"id":"client-secret","title":"Client Secret","definition":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to not be guessable.","short":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to be not guessable."},{"id":"confidential-client","title":"Confidential Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Confidential clients can hold credentials in a secure way without exposing them to unauthorized parties and require a trusted backend server to do so. They can use grant types that require them to authenticate by specifying their client ID and secret when calling the token endpoint and can have tokens issued to them that have been signed either symmetrically or asymmetrically.","short":"A client (application) that can hold credentials securely by using a trusted backend server. Examples include a web application with a secure backend and a machine-to-machine (M2M) application."},{"id":"confused-deputy","title":"Confused Deputy","definition":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf.","short":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf."}],"D":[{"id":"digital-identity","title":"Digital Identity","definition":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application.","short":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application."},{"id":"digital-signature","title":"Digital Signature","definition":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering. If the bits are changed or tampered with, the signature will no longer be able to be verified and it will be rejected.","short":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering."},{"id":"directory","title":"Directory","definition":"A centralized repository of users (the most well-known of which is Active Directory) which centralizes credentials and attributes and makes it unnecessary for each application to have their own local identity setup and pool of users. Allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory of users.","short":"A centralized repository of users that allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory."}],"I":[{"id":"id-token","title":"ID Token","definition":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource. It has a fixed format that clients can parse and validate.","short":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource."}],"J":[{"id":"json-web-token","title":"JSON Web Token (JWT)","definition":"An open, industry standard \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Ftools.ietf.org\u002Fhtml\u002Frfc7519'\u003ERFC 7519\u003C\u002Fa\u003E method for representing claims securely between two parties. At Auth0, ID Tokens are always returned in JWT format, and Access Tokens are often in JWT format. You may decode well-formed JWTs at \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Fjwt.io'\u003EJWT.io\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to view their claims. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fjwt'\u003EJSON Web Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"The standard ID Token format and often Access Token format used to represent claims securely between two parties."}],"L":[{"id":"lock","title":"Lock","definition":"Auth0's UI widget for authenticating users. It is ready to go as-is and is the default face of the Classic Universal Login experience. Lock allows you to customize minor behavioral and appearance options, but its primary goal is ease of use. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Flock'\u003ELock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A UI widget for authenticating users."}],"M":[{"id":"multifactor-authentication","title":"Multi-factor authentication (MFA)","definition":"An authentication process that considers multiple factors. Typically at Auth0, the first factor is the standard username\u002Fpassword exchange, and the second is a code or link via email or SMS, a one-time-password via an app such as Authy or Google Authenticator, or a push notification via a phone app such as Guardian or Duo. Using multiple factors allows your account to remain secure if someone captures one or the other factor--acquires your password or steals your phone, for example. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fmultifactor-authentication'\u003EMulti-factor Authentication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A user authentication process that uses a factor in addition to username and password such as a code via SMS."}],"N":[{"id":"nonce","title":"Nonce","definition":"An arbitrary (often random or pseudo-random) number issued in an authentication protocol that can be used to help detect and mitigate replay attacks using old communications. In other words, the nonce is only issued once, so if an attacker attempts to replay a transaction with a different nonce, its false transaction can be detected more easily. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fapi-auth\u002Ftutorials\u002Fnonce'\u003ENonce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An arbitrary number issued once in an authentication protocol to detect and prevent replay attacks."}],"O":[{"id":"openid","title":"OpenID","definition":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users are who they say they are without needing to collect, store, and therefore become liable for a user’s login information. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Foidc'\u003EOpenID Connect (OIDC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users' identities without collecting and storing login information."}],"P":[{"id":"passwordless","title":"Passwordless","definition":"A form of authentication where the first factor is not a password. Instead, it could be a one-time password received by email or SMS, a push notification, or a biometric sensor. Passwordless uses one-time passwords, so users are less susceptible to the typical password-based attacks (e.g., dictionary or credential stuffing) than with traditional username\u002Fpassword logins. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fconnections\u002Fpasswordless'\u003EPasswordless\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A form of authentication that does not rely on a password as the first factor."},{"id":"perimeter","title":"Perimeter","definition":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory. In some implementations, this perimeter is a physical location; in others, it is a set of networks or devices connected via VPN.","short":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory."},{"id":"public-client","title":"Public Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Public clients cannot hold credentials securely, so should only use grant types that do not require the use of their client secret. ID Tokens issued to them must be signed asymmetrically using a private key (RS256) and verified using the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the token. See \u003Ca href=‘\u002Fapplications\u002Fconcepts\u002Fapp-types-confidential-public'\u003EApplication Types - Confidential vs. Public\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A client (application) that cannot hold credentials securely. Examples include a native desktop or mobile application and a JavaScript-based client-side web application (such as a single-page app (SPA))."}],"R":[{"id":"raw-credentials","title":"Raw Credentials","definition":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user.","short":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user."},{"id":"refresh-token","title":"Refresh Token","definition":"A special kind of token that can be used to obtain a renewed Access Token. It is useful for renewing expiring Access Tokens without forcing the user to log in again. Using the Refresh Token, you can request a new Access Token at any time until the Refresh Token is blacklisted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Ftokens\u002Fconcepts\u002Frefresh-tokens'\u003ERefresh Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A token used to obtain a renewed Access Token without forcing users to log in again."},{"id":"role","title":"Role","definition":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to indicate the level of access they should have to the system. Roles are essentially collections of permissions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fauthorization\u002Fconcepts\u002Frbac'\u003ERole-based Access Control (RBAC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to give them a certain set of permissions."}],"S":[{"id":"scope","title":"Scope","definition":"A mechanism that defines the specific actions applications can be allowed to do or information that they can request on a user’s behalf. Often, applications will want to make use of the information that has already been created in an online resource. To do so, the application must ask for authorization to access this information on a user’s behalf. When an app requests permission to access a resource through an authorization server, it uses the Scope parameter to specify what access it needs, and the authorization server uses the Scope parameter to respond with the access that was actually granted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fscopes'\u003EScopes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A mechanism that determines actions applications can perform on a user's behalf with information previously created in an online resource."},{"id":"security-assertion-markup-language","title":"Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)","definition":"An XML-based standardized protocol by which two parties can exchange authentication information without the use of a password. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Fsaml'\u003ESAML\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A standardized protocol allowing two parties to exchange authentication information without a password."},{"id":"security-token","title":"Security Token","definition":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated","short":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated"},{"id":"session-cookie","title":"Session Cookie","definition":"An entity emitted by a middleware after it establishes that the token it is receiving is signed, valid, and comes from a trusted source (the identity provider). This entity represents the fact that successful authentication occurred with the identity provider. This cookie prevents this process with tokens from needing to be continually repeated, by allowing the user to be considered authenticated as long as the cookie is present.","short":"An entity that, when present, allows the user to be considered authenticated."},{"id":"shadow-accounts","title":"Shadow Accounts","definition":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory (essentially creating a copy, or shadow, of the original account) when they need access to remote applications.","short":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory."},{"id":"single-sign-on","title":"Single Sign-On (SSO)","definition":"A service that, after a user logs into one application, automatically logs that user in to other applications, regardless of the platform, technology, or domain the user is using. The user signs in only one time (hence the name of the feature). Similarly, Single Logout (SLO) occurs when, after a user logs out from one application, they are logged out of each application or service where they were logged in. SSO and SLO are possible through the use of sessions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fsso'\u003ESingle Sign-On and Single Logout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A service that, after a user logs into one applicaton, automatically logs that user in to other applications."}],"T":[{"id":"token-endpoint","title":"Token Endpoint","definition":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens.","short":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens."},{"id":"trust","title":"Trust","definition":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users.","short":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users."}],"U":[{"id":"universal-login","title":"Universal Login","definition":"Auth0’s implementation of the authentication flow, which is the key feature of an Authorization Server. Each time a user needs to prove their identity, your applications redirect to Universal Login, and Auth0 will do what’s needed to guarantee the user’s identity. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Funiversal-login'\u003EAuth0 Universal Login\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"Your application redirects to Universal Login, hosted on Auth0's Authorization Server, to verify a user's identity."}]},"termsById":{"access-token":{"title":"Access Token","definition":"A credential that can be used by an application to access an API. It informs the API that the bearer of the token has been authorized to access the API and perform specific actions specified by the scope that has been granted. An Access Token can be in any format, but two popular options include opaque strings and JSON Web Tokens (JWT). They should be transmitted to the API as a Bearer credential in an HTTP Authorization header.","short":"An authorization credential, in the form of an opaque string or JWT, used to access an API."},"audience":{"title":"Audience","definition":"The unique identifier of the audience for an issued token, identified within a JSON Web Token as the `aud` claim. The audience value is either the application (`Client ID`) for an ID Token or the API that is being called (`API Identifier`) for an Access Token. At Auth0, the Audience value sent in a request for an Access Token dictates whether that token is returned in an opaque or JWT format.","short":"A unique identifier, \u003Cb\u003Eaud\u003C\u002Fb\u003E in a token, for an application (ID Token) or an API (Access Token)."},"authorization-code":{"title":"Authorization Code","definition":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow.","short":"A random string generated by the authorization server and returned to the application as part of the authorization response. The authorization code is relatively short-lived and is exchanged for an Access Token at the token endpoint when using the Authorization Code Flow."},"callback":{"title":"Callback","definition":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after authentication. It is often the same URL to which a user is redirected after authentication.","short":"The URL to which Auth0 sends its response after an API call and sometimes where a user is redirected after authentication."},"claim":{"title":"Claim","definition":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity.","short":"An attribute packaged in a security token which represents a claim that the provider of the token is making about an entity."},"client-secret":{"title":"Client Secret","definition":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to not be guessable.","short":"A secret used by a client (application) to authenticate with the Authorization Server; it should be known to only the client and the Authorization Server and must be sufficiently random to be not guessable."},"confidential-client":{"title":"Confidential Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Confidential clients can hold credentials in a secure way without exposing them to unauthorized parties and require a trusted backend server to do so. They can use grant types that require them to authenticate by specifying their client ID and secret when calling the token endpoint and can have tokens issued to them that have been signed either symmetrically or asymmetrically.","short":"A client (application) that can hold credentials securely by using a trusted backend server. Examples include a web application with a secure backend and a machine-to-machine (M2M) application."},"confused-deputy":{"title":"Confused Deputy","definition":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf.","short":"The term confused deputy refers to a situation in which an attacker tricks a client or service into performing an action on their behalf."},"digital-identity":{"title":"Digital Identity","definition":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application.","short":"The set of attributes that define a particular user in the context of a function which is delivered by a particular application."},"digital-signature":{"title":"Digital Signature","definition":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering. If the bits are changed or tampered with, the signature will no longer be able to be verified and it will be rejected.","short":"A digital signature protects bits in a token from tampering."},"directory":{"title":"Directory","definition":"A centralized repository of users (the most well-known of which is Active Directory) which centralizes credentials and attributes and makes it unnecessary for each application to have their own local identity setup and pool of users. Allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory of users.","short":"A centralized repository of users that allows single sign on to all applications that use the same directory."},"id-token":{"title":"ID Token","definition":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource. It has a fixed format that clients can parse and validate.","short":"An ID Token is a token meant for the client itself, rather than for accessing a resource."},"json-web-token":{"title":"JSON Web Token (JWT)","definition":"An open, industry standard \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Ftools.ietf.org\u002Fhtml\u002Frfc7519'\u003ERFC 7519\u003C\u002Fa\u003E method for representing claims securely between two parties. At Auth0, ID Tokens are always returned in JWT format, and Access Tokens are often in JWT format. You may decode well-formed JWTs at \u003Ca href='https:\u002F\u002Fjwt.io'\u003EJWT.io\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to view their claims. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fjwt'\u003EJSON Web Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"The standard ID Token format and often Access Token format used to represent claims securely between two parties."},"lock":{"title":"Lock","definition":"Auth0's UI widget for authenticating users. It is ready to go as-is and is the default face of the Classic Universal Login experience. Lock allows you to customize minor behavioral and appearance options, but its primary goal is ease of use. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Flock'\u003ELock\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A UI widget for authenticating users."},"multifactor-authentication":{"title":"Multi-factor authentication (MFA)","definition":"An authentication process that considers multiple factors. Typically at Auth0, the first factor is the standard username\u002Fpassword exchange, and the second is a code or link via email or SMS, a one-time-password via an app such as Authy or Google Authenticator, or a push notification via a phone app such as Guardian or Duo. Using multiple factors allows your account to remain secure if someone captures one or the other factor--acquires your password or steals your phone, for example. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fmultifactor-authentication'\u003EMulti-factor Authentication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A user authentication process that uses a factor in addition to username and password such as a code via SMS."},"nonce":{"title":"Nonce","definition":"An arbitrary (often random or pseudo-random) number issued in an authentication protocol that can be used to help detect and mitigate replay attacks using old communications. In other words, the nonce is only issued once, so if an attacker attempts to replay a transaction with a different nonce, its false transaction can be detected more easily. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fapi-auth\u002Ftutorials\u002Fnonce'\u003ENonce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An arbitrary number issued once in an authentication protocol to detect and prevent replay attacks."},"openid":{"title":"OpenID","definition":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users are who they say they are without needing to collect, store, and therefore become liable for a user’s login information. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Foidc'\u003EOpenID Connect (OIDC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An open standard for authentication that allows applications to verify users' identities without collecting and storing login information."},"passwordless":{"title":"Passwordless","definition":"A form of authentication where the first factor is not a password. Instead, it could be a one-time password received by email or SMS, a push notification, or a biometric sensor. Passwordless uses one-time passwords, so users are less susceptible to the typical password-based attacks (e.g., dictionary or credential stuffing) than with traditional username\u002Fpassword logins. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fconnections\u002Fpasswordless'\u003EPasswordless\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A form of authentication that does not rely on a password as the first factor."},"perimeter":{"title":"Perimeter","definition":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory. In some implementations, this perimeter is a physical location; in others, it is a set of networks or devices connected via VPN.","short":"A set of boundaries that encompass a directory, all of its users, and all of the applications which use the directory."},"public-client":{"title":"Public Client","definition":"According to the OAuth 2.0 protocol, clients (applications) can be classified as either confidential or public depending on whether or not they are able to hold credentials (such as a client ID and secret) securely. Public clients cannot hold credentials securely, so should only use grant types that do not require the use of their client secret. ID Tokens issued to them must be signed asymmetrically using a private key (RS256) and verified using the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the token. See \u003Ca href=‘\u002Fapplications\u002Fconcepts\u002Fapp-types-confidential-public'\u003EApplication Types - Confidential vs. Public\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A client (application) that cannot hold credentials securely. Examples include a native desktop or mobile application and a JavaScript-based client-side web application (such as a single-page app (SPA))."},"raw-credentials":{"title":"Raw Credentials","definition":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user.","short":"A shared secret or set of information that are agreed upon between the user and the resource that allow the resource to verify the identity of a user."},"refresh-token":{"title":"Refresh Token","definition":"A special kind of token that can be used to obtain a renewed Access Token. It is useful for renewing expiring Access Tokens without forcing the user to log in again. Using the Refresh Token, you can request a new Access Token at any time until the Refresh Token is blacklisted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Ftokens\u002Fconcepts\u002Frefresh-tokens'\u003ERefresh Tokens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A token used to obtain a renewed Access Token without forcing users to log in again."},"role":{"title":"Role","definition":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to indicate the level of access they should have to the system. Roles are essentially collections of permissions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fauthorization\u002Fconcepts\u002Frbac'\u003ERole-based Access Control (RBAC)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"An aspect of a user’s identity assigned to the user to give them a certain set of permissions."},"scope":{"title":"Scope","definition":"A mechanism that defines the specific actions applications can be allowed to do or information that they can request on a user’s behalf. Often, applications will want to make use of the information that has already been created in an online resource. To do so, the application must ask for authorization to access this information on a user’s behalf. When an app requests permission to access a resource through an authorization server, it uses the Scope parameter to specify what access it needs, and the authorization server uses the Scope parameter to respond with the access that was actually granted. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fscopes'\u003EScopes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A mechanism that determines actions applications can perform on a user's behalf with information previously created in an online resource."},"security-assertion-markup-language":{"title":"Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)","definition":"An XML-based standardized protocol by which two parties can exchange authentication information without the use of a password. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fprotocols\u002Fsaml'\u003ESAML\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A standardized protocol allowing two parties to exchange authentication information without a password."},"security-token":{"title":"Security Token","definition":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated","short":"A digitally signed artifact which is used to prove that the user was successfully authenticated"},"session-cookie":{"title":"Session Cookie","definition":"An entity emitted by a middleware after it establishes that the token it is receiving is signed, valid, and comes from a trusted source (the identity provider). This entity represents the fact that successful authentication occurred with the identity provider. This cookie prevents this process with tokens from needing to be continually repeated, by allowing the user to be considered authenticated as long as the cookie is present.","short":"An entity that, when present, allows the user to be considered authenticated."},"shadow-accounts":{"title":"Shadow Accounts","definition":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory (essentially creating a copy, or shadow, of the original account) when they need access to remote applications.","short":"A difficult to sustain practice of manually provisioning a user from a local directory separately in a remote directory."},"single-sign-on":{"title":"Single Sign-On (SSO)","definition":"A service that, after a user logs into one application, automatically logs that user in to other applications, regardless of the platform, technology, or domain the user is using. The user signs in only one time (hence the name of the feature). Similarly, Single Logout (SLO) occurs when, after a user logs out from one application, they are logged out of each application or service where they were logged in. SSO and SLO are possible through the use of sessions. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Fsso'\u003ESingle Sign-On and Single Logout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"A service that, after a user logs into one applicaton, automatically logs that user in to other applications."},"token-endpoint":{"title":"Token Endpoint","definition":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens.","short":"The endpoint on the Authorization Server that is used to programmatically request tokens."},"trust":{"title":"Trust","definition":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users.","short":"A resource trusts an identity provider or authority when that resource is willing to believe what the authority says about its users."},"universal-login":{"title":"Universal Login","definition":"Auth0’s implementation of the authentication flow, which is the key feature of an Authorization Server. Each time a user needs to prove their identity, your applications redirect to Universal Login, and Auth0 will do what’s needed to guarantee the user’s identity. See \u003Ca href='\u002Fdocs\u002Funiversal-login'\u003EAuth0 Universal Login\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","short":"Your application redirects to Universal Login, hosted on Auth0's Authorization Server, to verify a user's identity."}},"termLetters":["A","C","D","I","J","L","M","N","O","P","R","S","T","U"]},"breadcrumbs":[],"sidebarBreadcrumbs":[]},"AbStore":{"docExperiments":{"feedbackWidget":"sideOg"}},"StaticContentStore":{"content":{"html":"\u003Cdiv id=\"api2-explorer\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cscript\u003EjQuery.browser = jQuery.browser || {};\n(function () {\n jQuery.browser.msie = jQuery.browser.msie || false;\n jQuery.browser.version = jQuery.browser.version || 0;\n if (navigator.userAgent.match(\u002FMSIE ([0-9]+)\\.\u002F)) {\n jQuery.browser.msie = true;\n jQuery.browser.version = RegExp.$1;\n }\n})();\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn2.auth0.com\u002Fapi2-explorer\u002F62\u002Fapi2-explorer.min.js\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn2.auth0.com\u002Fapi2-explorer\u002F62\u002Fapi2-explorer.proxy.js\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\u003Clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn2.auth0.com\u002Fapi2-explorer\u002F62\u002Fapi2-explorer.css\" type=\"text\u002Fcss\"\u002F\u003E\u003Cscript\u003Ewindow.Auth0Api2Explorer({\n el: document.getElementById('api2-explorer'),\n clientId: '',\n clientSecret: '',\n api2Domain: 'login.auth0.com'\n});\n\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\u003Cscript type=\"text\u002Fjavascript\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmy.hellobar.com\u002F0a0898d29aca1681ebd408f7a9ba5c3c16a44862.js\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E","meta":{"title":"Auth0 Management API v2","description":"","fullWidth":true}}}}},"options":{"optimizePromiseCallback":false},"plugins":{"DevToolsPlugin":{"actionHistory":[],"enableDebug":false}}},"plugins":{"ServiceProxyPlugin":{}}};</script><script src="https://cdn2.auth0.com/docs/js/client.f962f2b1627a41defc8b.bundle.js"></script><script> _linkedin_data_partner_id = "30812"; (function () { var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript"; b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s); })(); </script></body></html>