Laravel API: Authorization

By Josh Cunningham

This tutorial demonstrates how to add authorization to a Laravel API. We recommend that you log in to follow this quickstart with examples configured for your account.

I want to integrate with my app

15 minutes

Configure Auth0 APIs
Validate Access Tokens
Protect API Endpoints
Obtaining Access Tokens
Configure CORS (optional)

I want to explore a sample app

2 minutes

Get a sample configured with your account settings or check it out on Github.

View on Github

System requirements: Composer 1.5 and up | PHP 7.2 and up | Laravel 6 and up

This quickstart covers building an API protected by an Auth0-issued access token. This type of API is typically consumed by:

Mobile, desktop, and other native applications using the Native login flow
CLIs, daemons, or services running on your back-end using the Client Credentials Flow

If this API is only consumed by a web application on the same domain (in the case of AJAX actions or lazy loading content for an authenticated user) then the API protection should be handled by the application itself and the login flow secured by Auth0.

This example demonstrates:

How to check for a JSON Web Token (JWT) in the Authorization header of an incoming HTTP request.
How to check if the token is valid, using the JSON Web Key Set (JWKS) for your Auth0 account. To learn more about validating Access Tokens, see Validate Access Tokens.

New to Auth0? Learn how Auth0 works and read about implementing API authentication and authorization using the OAuth 2.0 framework.

In the APIs section of the Auth0 dashboard, click Create API. Provide a name and an identifier for your API, for example, https://quickstarts/api. You will use the identifier as an audience later, when you are configuring the Access Token verification. Leave the Signing Algorithm as RS256.

Create API

By default, your API uses RS256 as the algorithm for signing tokens. Since RS256 uses a private/public keypair, it verifies the tokens against the public key for your Auth0 account. The public key is in the JSON Web Key Set (JWKS) format, and can be accessed here.

Permissions let you define how resources can be accessed on behalf of the user with a given access token. For example, you might choose to grant read access to the messages resource if users have the manager access level, and a write access to that resource if they have the administrator access level.

You can define allowed permissions in the Permissions tab of the Auth0 Dashboard's APIs section.

Configure Permissions

This example uses the read:messages scope.

Protecting your Laravel API requires a middleware which will check for and verify a bearer token in the Authorization header of an incoming HTTP request. We'll do that using tools provided by the Auth0 Laravel package.

Composer is a tool for dependency management in PHP. It allows you to declare the dependent libraries your project needs and it will install them in your project for you. See Composer's getting started doc for information on how to use it.

$ composer require auth0/login

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The laravel-auth0 plugin comes with a configuration file that can be generated using Artisan. First, generate the configuration file from the command line:

$ php artisan vendor:publish --provider "Auth0\Login\LoginServiceProvider"

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After the file is generated, it will be located at config/laravel-auth0.php. Edit this file to add the configuration values needed to verify incoming tokens:

// config/laravel-auth0.php
return [
	// ...
	'authorized_issuers' => [ 'https://YOUR_DOMAIN/' ],
	// ...
	'api_identifier' => 'YOUR_API_IDENTIFIER',
	// ...
	'supported_algs' => [ 'RS256' ],
	// ...
];

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In more detail:

authorized_issuers is an array of allowed token issuers. In this case, it would simply be an array with just your tenant URL.
api_identifier is the Identifier field of the API created above.
supported_algs is the Signing Algorithm field of the API created above. This value should be an array but only have a single value, RS256.

By default, Apache does not parse Authorization headers from incoming HTTP requests. You may need to add the following to the .htaccess file for your application:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP:Authorization} ^(.*)
RewriteRule .* - [e=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%1]

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The routes shown below are available for the following requests:

GET /api/public: available for non-authenticated requests
GET /api/private: available for authenticated requests containing an Access Token with no additional scopes
GET /api/private-scoped: available for authenticated requests containing an Access Token with the read:messages scope granted

For the two private API routes, we'll need a middleware to check for a bearer token in an Authorization header for the request and then verify that the token is valid. We'll create that middleware using the make:middleware Artisan command:

php artisan make:middleware CheckJWT

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Now, let's implement the handle() method that Laravel will call automatically for the route:

<?php
// app/Http/Middleware/CheckJWT.php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Auth0\Login\Contract\Auth0UserRepository;
use Auth0\SDK\Exception\CoreException;
use Auth0\SDK\Exception\InvalidTokenException;
use Closure;

class CheckJWT
{
    protected $userRepository;

    /**
     * CheckJWT constructor.
     *
     * @param Auth0UserRepository $userRepository
     */
    public function __construct(Auth0UserRepository $userRepository)
    {
        $this->userRepository = $userRepository;
    }

    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
     * @param  \Closure  $next
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
    {
        $auth0 = \App::make('auth0');

        $accessToken = $request->bearerToken();
        try {
            $tokenInfo = $auth0->decodeJWT($accessToken);
            $user = $this->userRepository->getUserByDecodedJWT($tokenInfo);
            if (!$user) {
                return response()->json(["message" => "Unauthorized user"], 401);
            }

        } catch (InvalidTokenException $e) {
            return response()->json(["message" => $e->getMessage()], 401);
        } catch (CoreException $e) {
            return response()->json(["message" => $e->getMessage()], 401);
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

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This middleware:

Retrieves the Bearer token from the request, and calls the decodeJWT function with it to decode and verify the JWT.
Uses the decoded and verified JWT to retrieve an Auth0JWTUser.
Catches any exceptions thrown if the JWT is expired, malformed, or otherwise invalid.

Next, we register this middleware in the HTTP Kernel with the name jwt:

// app/Http/Kernel.php
// ...
class Kernel extends HttpKernel {
	// ...
	protected $routeMiddleware = [
	    // ...
	    'jwt' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckJWT::class,
	    // ...
	];
	// ...
}

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We are now able to protect individual API endpoints by applying the jwt middleware:

// routes/api.php

// This endpoint does not need authentication.
Route::get('/public', function (Request $request) {
    return response()->json(["message" => "Hello from a public endpoint! You don't need to be authenticated to see this."]);
});

// These endpoints require a valid access token.
Route::get('/private', function (Request $request) {
    return response()->json(["message" => "Hello from a private endpoint! You need to have a valid access token to see this."]);
})->middleware('jwt');

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The /api/private route is now only accessible if a valid access token is included in the Authorization header of the incoming request. We can test this by manually generating an access token for the API and using a tool like Postman to test the routes.

In the Auth0 Dashboard, go to the Test tab for the API created above and click the COPY TOKEN link.

If you see a button to Create & Authorize Test Application, you'll need to click that before the COPY TOKEN button appears. After creating the test Application, click the Machine to Machine Applications tab, scroll down to the Application that was created, click the down icon, remove the read:messages permissions allowed for that Application, and click Update. Now click the Test tab, then COPY TOKEN to proceed.

Now, let's turn on the Laravel test server:

$ php artisan serve --port=3010

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Send a GET request to the public route - http://localhost:3010/api/public - and you should receive back:

{ "message": "Hello from a public endpoint!" }

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Now send a GET request to the private route - http://localhost:3010/api/private - and you should get a 401 status and the following message:

{ "message": "Bearer token missing" }

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Add an Authorization header set to Bearer API_TOKEN_HERE using the token generated above. Send the GET request to the private route again and you should see:

{ "message": "Hello from a private endpoint!" }

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The middleware we created above checks for the existence and validity of an access token but does not check the scope of the token. In this section, we will create another middleware to check for specific scopes.

Use the Artisan make:middleware again to create the middleware:

php artisan make:middleware CheckScope

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Implement the handle() method that Laravel will call automatically for the route:

// app/Http/Middleware/CheckScope.php

namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Auth0\Login\Contract\Auth0UserRepository;
use Auth0\SDK\Exception\CoreException;
use Auth0\SDK\Exception\InvalidTokenException;
use Closure;

class CheckScope
{
    protected $userRepository;

    /**
     * CheckScope constructor.
     *
     * @param Auth0UserRepository $userRepository
     */
    public function __construct(Auth0UserRepository $userRepository)
    {
        $this->userRepository = $userRepository;
    }

    /**
     * Handle an incoming request.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
     * @param  \Closure  $next
     * @param  \string  $scope
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function handle($request, Closure $next, $scope)
    {
        $auth0 = \App::make('auth0');

        $accessToken = $request->bearerToken();
        try {
            $tokenInfo = $auth0->decodeJWT($accessToken);
            $user = $this->userRepository->getUserByDecodedJWT($tokenInfo);
            if (!$user) {
                return response()->json(["message" => "Unauthorized user"], 401);
            }

            if($scope) {
                $hasScope = false;
                if(isset($tokenInfo['scope'])) {
                    $scopes = explode(" ", $tokenInfo['scope']);
                    foreach ($scopes as $s) {
                        if ($s === $scope)
                            $hasScope = true;
                    }
                } 
                if(!$hasScope) {
                    return response()->json(["message" => "Insufficient scope"], 403);
                }
            }
        } catch (InvalidTokenException $e) {
            return response()->json(["message" => $e->getMessage()], 401);
        } catch (CoreException $e) {
            return response()->json(["message" => $e->getMessage()], 401);
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

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This middleware:

Similar to the CheckJWT middleware, it first uses the Bearer token from the request to decode and verify the JWT, handling any exceptions thrown as before.
Verifies that the token contains the required scope.

// app/Http/Kernel.php
// ...
class Kernel extends HttpKernel {
	// ...
	protected $routeMiddleware = [
	    // ...
        'check.scope' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckScope::class,
	    // ...
	];
	// ...
}

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We are now able to protect individual API endpoints by applying the check.scope middleware:

// routes/api.php
// ...

// These endpoints require a valid access token with a "read:messages" scope.
Route::get('/private-scoped', function (Request $request) {
    return response()->json([
        "message" => "Hello from a private endpoint! You need to have a valid access token and a scope of read:messages to see this."
    ]);
})->middleware('check.scope:read:messages');

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This route is now only accessible if an access token used in the request has a scope of read:messages.

To test this route, first send a GET request with no token to the private, scoped route - http://localhost:3010/api/private-scoped - and you should get a 401 status and the following message:

{ "message": "Bearer token missing" }

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Add an Authorization header set to Bearer API_TOKEN_HERE using the same token from the previous section. Send the GET request to the private, scoped route again and you should get a 403 status and the following message:

{ "message": "Insufficient scope" }

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Back in the Auth0 Dashboard:

Go to the Machine to Machine Applications tab for the API created above.
Scroll to the test Application for this API, make sure it's authorized, and click the down arrow icon.
Add the read:messages scope and click Update (then Continue if needed).

Click the Test tab, select the test Application, and click the COPY TOKEN link above the second code block.

Change the Authorization header to use the new token and send the GET request again. You should get a 200 status and the following message:

{ "message": "Hello from a private, scoped endpoint!" }

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The example above uses manually-generated tokens which are not long-lived. Once your API is live on the web and ready to accept requests, the applications making the requests will need to get an access token for this API using one of a few ways:

Web applications will use the Authorization Code Flow
Mobile, desktop, and other native applications will use a Mobile/Native Login Flow
CLIs, daemons, or services running on your back-end will use an Machine-to-Machine Flow

Regardless of the type, the application will need to request the audience of this API during the login flow to receive a correctly-formed access token.

To configure CORS, you should add the laravel-cors dependency. You can check it out here.

After installation, add HandleCors middleware in the application's global middleware stack:

// app/Http/Kernel.php
protected $middleware = [
    // ...
    \Barryvdh\Cors\HandleCors::class,
];

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Add the following to the configuration file for CORS:

<?php
// config/cors.php
return [
    'supportsCredentials' => true,
    'allowedOrigins' => ['http://localhost:3000'],
    'allowedOriginsPatterns' => [],
    'allowedHeaders' => ['*'],
    'allowedMethods' => ['*'],
    'exposedHeaders' => [],
    'maxAge' => 0,
];

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What can you do next?

Configure other identity providers

Enable multifactor authentication

Learn about anomaly detection

Learn about rules

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Any suggestion or typo? Edit on GitHub

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